PTE · Reorder Paragraphs

Strategies in Malaria Control

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1

Indoor Residual Spraying

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  1. AOver several decades, however, frequent exposure has led vector populations to develop resistance to standard pyrethroids.
  2. BTo counter this chemical defence, public health programmes now rotate newer insecticides with distinct modes of action.
  3. CIndoor residual spraying involves applying long-lasting chemical insecticides to the interior walls of domestic dwellings.
  4. DWhen resting mosquitoes land on these treated surfaces after feeding, they absorb lethal doses of the active compound.

Questions 2–5

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2

Genetic Vector Suppression

  1. AConsequently, successive generations witness a sharp decline in the overall vector density within the target area.
  2. BSuch suppression dramatically lowers the rate of parasite transmission to human communities.
  3. COne promising strategy involves releasing laboratory-reared male insects that carry a self-limiting gene.
  4. DWhen these modified males mate with wild females, their offspring inherit the trait and perish before reaching adulthood.
  5. EEntomologists have explored genetic engineering as a novel method to suppress wild mosquito populations.
3

Larval Source Management

  1. AField teams locate stagnant water bodies and introduce specialised biological agents, such as naturally occurring bacterial toxins.
  2. BBy preventing the emergence of adult mosquitoes, this ecological intervention substantially curtails local disease transmission.
  3. COnce ingested, these biological toxins selectively destroy the feeding larvae without damaging non-target aquatic organisms.
  4. DLarval source management seeks to control malaria vectors during their vulnerable aquatic development rather than their adult flying phase.
4

Artemisinin Combination Therapies

  1. AIn recent years, however, strains showing delayed clearance times have emerged in several endemic regions.
  2. BHealth authorities must therefore conduct regular molecular surveillance to identify and contain these tolerant strains early.
  3. CArtemisinin-based combination therapies remain the primary clinical treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria worldwide.
  4. DThese pharmaceutical regimens pair fast-acting artemisinin derivatives with a partner drug that eliminates residual parasites over a longer duration.
  5. ECombining two distinct compounds reduces the likelihood that surviving parasites will develop simultaneous drug resistance.
5

Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets

  1. AIn addition to this physical barrier, slow-release insecticides bound to the fibres either repel approaching vectors or kill those that land.
  2. BFirst, the finely woven synthetic mesh creates an immediate physical shield that prevents foraging mosquitoes from reaching sleeping individuals.
  3. CThis complementary mode of action provides robust individual protection whilst simultaneously driving down mosquito abundance across entire settlements.
  4. DLong-lasting insecticidal nets provide a crucial dual barrier against nocturnal malaria transmission across vulnerable endemic communities.

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