PTE · Reading: Fill in the Blanks

Acoustic Communication in Dolphins

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1

Acoustic Eavesdropping in Foraging

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Dolphins frequently monitor the echolocation streams produced by conspecifics to locate prey without their own acoustic energy. This opportunistic listening allows individuals to patch quality before investing effort in foraging. Marine biologists suggest that such passive acoustic interception enhances group efficiency, turning individual sensory searches into a hunting advantage that benefits the entire pod.

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Questions 2–5

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2

Maternal Vocal Imprinting

During the first weeks following birth, a mother dolphin increases her vocalisation rates to help her calf 1 maternal calls. This heightened acoustic exposure accelerates the calf's auditory learning, enabling the pair to maintain contact in 2 waters. Over time, the juvenile gradually refines its own vocal repertoire, developing distinct sounds that remain 3 recognised across the broader social group.

  • sparsely
  • turbid
  • disperse
  • shallow
  • readily
  • distinguish
3

Bubble Ring Displays

Cetaceans generate underwater bubble rings through controlled exhalations, combining tactile, visual, and acoustic elements into a single display. These luminous structures often serve to 1 play behaviour or signal mild curiosity toward novel objects. When released in social contexts, bubble rings can modify the 2 dynamics of an interaction, acting as non-threatening signals that 3 tension between unfamiliar individuals.

  • prominent
  • underlying
  • suppress
  • defuse
  • elevate
  • stimulate
4

Jaw Clapping Mechanisms

Rapid jaw clapping generates an explosive, broad-spectrum sound wave used primarily as an aggressive 1 in competitive encounters. The physical snapping action forces water outwards, producing a sharp pressure pulse that rivals can 2 from considerable distances. Because jaw pops require minimal respiratory adjustment, they allow dolphins to project clear warnings without 3 their swimming trajectory during rapid chases.

  • detect
  • disrupting
  • incentive
  • deterrent
  • prolonging
  • emit
5

Phonic Lip Biomechanics

Rather than utilising vocal cords in the larynx, odontocetes produce sound via specialised anatomical structures known as phonic lips. Air is 1 through nasal passages, causing vibrations in adjacent fatty bursae that focus sound into directed beams. This sophisticated biomechanical arrangement enables dolphins to 2 generate both navigational clicks and expressive tonal whistles, maintaining social communication while actively 3 surrounding topography.

  • shielding
  • independently
  • mapping
  • inhaled
  • driven
  • randomly

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